The village and parish lies on a bedrock of Oxford clay and in regions there are superficial Glaciofluvial and River Terrace deposits of sand and gravel from the Quaternary period, together with alluvium ( clay and silt ) from the same period.
12.
Based on the presence of multiple interglacial calcretes interbedded with glaciofluvial flood deposits, magnetostratigraphy, optically stimulated luminescence dating, and unconformity truncated clastic dikes, it has been estimated that the oldest of these megafloods flowed through the Channel Scablands sometime before 1.5 million years ago.
13.
Because of the fragmentary nature of older glaciofluvial deposits, which have been largely removed by subsequent Missoula floods, the exact number of older Missoula floods, which are known as " Ancient Cataclysmic Floods ", that occurred during the Pleistocene cannot be estimated with any confidence.
14.
Because of the fragmentary nature of older glaciofluvial deposits, which have been largely removed by subsequent Missoula floods, within the Hanford formation, the exact number of older Missoula floods, which are known as " Ancient Cataclysmic Floods ", that occurred during the Pleistocene cannot be estimated with any confidence.
15.
In addition, Middle and Early Pleistocene Missoula flood deposits have been documented to comprise parts of the glaciofluvial deposits, informally known as the " Hanford formation " that are found in parts of the Othello Channels, Columbia River Gorge, Channeled Scabland, Quincy Basin, Pasco Basin, and the Walla Walla Valley.
16.
In the Ellisras Basin, the Dwyka Group ( late Carboniferous to Permian ) at the base of the Karoo System is represented by the Waterkloof Formation, diamictite and other rocks of colluvial and glaciofluvial origin, associated with meltwater or floating ice from the Karoo glaciation that produced the Dwyka Group tillite in the main Karoo Basin.
17.
Within the Columbia Basin, detailed investigation of the Missoula floods'glaciofluvial deposits, informally known as the " Hanford formation ", has documented the presence of Middle and Early Pleistocene Missoula flood deposits within the Othello Channels, Columbia River Gorge, Channeled Scabland, Quincy Basin, Pasco Basin, and the Walla Walla Valley.
