| 11. | The 11th amino acid in these chains leads to the three different types of gramicidins.
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| 12. | Thus, ions moving through the gramicidin pore carry along a single file of water molecules.
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| 13. | This channel shows discrete conductance but different ion selectivity than wild type gramicidin in voltage-clamp experiments.
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| 14. | In earlier work with Rene J . Dubos, Hotchkiss helped to develop two antibiotics, gramicidin and tyrocidine.
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| 15. | There exist valine and isoleucine variants of all three gramicidin species, and'X'can be either.
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| 16. | Y determines which is which; as Y gramicidin A contains tryptophan, B phenylalanine, and C tyrosine.
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| 17. | Like valinomycin and nonactin, the gramicidin channel is selective for potassium over sodium, but only slightly so.
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| 18. | It has also been noted that the amino acids that are in Gramicidin B are solely hydrophobic amino acids.
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| 19. | That gramicidin D functions as a channel was demonstrated by Hladky and Haydon, who investigated the unitary conductance of the channel.
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| 20. | Gramicidin B makes up 6 % of Gramicidin D while Gramicidin A and C make up 80 % and 14 % respectively.
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