But while the bosons have spin values consisting of whole integers _ zero, one, two, and so forth _ the fermions have spin numbers of half integers _ one half, three halves, and so forth.
12.
The two families of fundamental particles are fermions, which have quantum spins of half integers-- one half, three halfs and so on-- and bosons, with spins of whole integers-- zero, one, two and so on.
13.
After extending the scalars to include the half integer powers " q " the resulting Hecke algebra is isomorphic to the previously defined one ( but the " T s " here corresponds to " q " " T " s in our notation ).
14.
Fermions are particles which have half integer spin ( 1 / 2, 3 / 2, 5 / 2 and so on ), measured in units of Planck's constant and bosons are particles which have integer spin ( 0, 1, 2 and so on ), measured in units of Planck's constant.
