| 11. | Notable exceptions include topological phases of matter like the fractional quantum Hall effect.
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| 12. | 1985 : Klaus von Klitzing, West Germany, for discovering the quantized Hall effect.
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| 13. | At high temperatures, the quantum Hall effect could be measured in these samples.
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| 14. | Hall effect devices produce a very low signal level and thus require amplification.
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| 15. | Daniel Tsui and Horst St�rmer discovered the fractional quantum Hall effect in 1982.
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| 16. | This level is responsible for the anomalous integer quantum Hall effect.
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| 17. | 1985 _ Klaus von Klitzing, West Germany, for discovering the quantized Hall effect.
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| 18. | Most famously, perhaps, they lie at the center of the fractional quantum Hall effect.
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| 19. | Carrier mobility is most commonly measured using the Hall effect.
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| 20. | It may also provide and monitor the current to the Hall effect sensor itself.
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