However, Smilansky asserts, the nature of what he terms the " fundamental dualism " between hard determinism and compatibilism is a morally undesirable one, in that both beliefs, in their absolute forms, have adverse consequences.
12.
Necessitarianism is stronger than hard determinism, because even the hard determinist would grant that the causal chain constituting the world might have been different as a whole, even though each member of that series could not have been different, given its antecedent causes.
13.
Neither compatibilism nor hard determinism are the whole story, according to Smilansky, and there exists an " ultimate perspective " in which " some " parts of compatibilism are valid and " some " parts of hard determinism are valid.
14.
Neither compatibilism nor hard determinism are the whole story, according to Smilansky, and there exists an " ultimate perspective " in which " some " parts of compatibilism are valid and " some " parts of hard determinism are valid.
15.
He explained the view, often called " hard determinism ", which holds that there is no place for free action in a world governed by physical laws since human beings, like everything else in the physical world, are physical things and are thus subject to these same laws.
16.
This view that conceives free will to be incompatible with determinism is called " incompatibilism ", and encompasses both metaphysical libertarianism, the claim that determinism is false and thus free will is at least possible, and hard determinism, the claim that determinism is true and thus free will is not possible.
17.
In 1884 James set the terms for all future discussions of determinism and compatibilism in the free will debates with his lecture to Harvard Divinity School students published as " The Dilemma of Determinism . " In this talk he defined the common terms " hard determinism " and " soft determinism " ( now more commonly called " compatibilism " ).
18.
If hard theological determinism is accepted ( if it was assumed instead that such outcomes were predestined by God ), then metaphysical libertarianism is not, however, possible, and would require reclassification ( as hard incompatibilism for example, given that the universe is still assumed to be indeterministic although the classification of hard determinism is technically valid also ).
19.
In the definition of compatibilism and incompatibilism, the literature often fails to distinguish between physical determinism and higher level forms of determinism ( predeterminism, theological determinism, etc . ) As such, hard determinism with respect to theological determinism ( or " Hard Theological Determinism " above ) might be classified as hard incompatibilism with respect to physical determinism ( if no claim was made regarding the internal causality or determinism of the universe ), or even compatibilism ( if freedom from the constraint of determinism was not considered necessary for free will ), if not hard determinism itself.
20.
In the definition of compatibilism and incompatibilism, the literature often fails to distinguish between physical determinism and higher level forms of determinism ( predeterminism, theological determinism, etc . ) As such, hard determinism with respect to theological determinism ( or " Hard Theological Determinism " above ) might be classified as hard incompatibilism with respect to physical determinism ( if no claim was made regarding the internal causality or determinism of the universe ), or even compatibilism ( if freedom from the constraint of determinism was not considered necessary for free will ), if not hard determinism itself.
