At completion, the reaction produces a heat of reaction ? " H " r which is shown as a measurable temperature change ? " T ".
12.
This causes reactions to occur extremely quickly ( ~ 1 nanosecond ), which allows confinement time to be extremely short, as the heat of reactions drives the plasma outward.
13.
Gustav Kirchhoff showed in 1858 that the variation of the heat of reaction is given by the difference in heat capacity between products and reactants : d?H / dT = ?C p.
14.
Heat of reaction is not, of course, a measure of the tendency of chemical changes to occur, and Lewis realized that only free energy and entropy could provide an exact chemical thermodynamics.
15.
Exothermic chemical reactions in closed systems do not change mass, but become less massive once the heat of reaction is removed, though this mass change is much too small to measure with standard equipment.
16.
:: I couldn't find a direct reference for the heat of reaction for the formation reaction, it was calculated using Hf data from Perry's Chemical Engineers'Handbook . reactions ) 16 : 30, 10 March 2016 ( UTC)
17.
In basic chemistry, experiments are often conducted at constant atmospheric pressure, and the pressure-volume work represents an energy exchange with the atmosphere that cannot be accessed or controlled, so that ? " H " is the expression chosen for the heat of reaction.
18.
In 1875, after quantifying the heats of reaction for a large number of compounds, Berthelot proposed the principle of maximum work in which all chemical changes occurring without intervention of outside energy tend toward the production of bodies or of a system of bodies which liberate heat.
19.
In 1875, after quantifying the heats of reaction for a large number of compounds, Berthelot proposed the " principle of maximum work ", in which all chemical changes occurring without intervention of outside energy tend toward the production of bodies or of a system of bodies which liberate heat.
20.
Finally, there is group of miscellaneous methods that includes the measurements of such quantities as mass-to-charge ratio of molecules by mass spectrometry, rate of radio active decay, heat of reaction, rate of reaction, sample thermal conductivity, optical activity, and refractive index . [ 2]
