In 2008, Sputnik virophage was described, the first known " virophage " : it uses the machinery of a helper virus to reproduce and inhibits reproduction of that helper virus.
12.
In 2008, Sputnik virophage was described, the first known " virophage " : it uses the machinery of a helper virus to reproduce and inhibits reproduction of that helper virus.
13.
At its discovery in a Paris water-cooling tower in 2008 Sputnik was the first known satellite virus that inhibited replication of its helper virus and thus acted as a parasite of that virus.
14.
Small, helper viruses known as satellite RNA have been found to co-infect plants only in the presence of TCV . These non-coding RNAs up-regulate the symptoms of TCV infection.
15.
This is again unlike Sputnik, which reduces its helper virus's infectivity, inhibits its lysis of amoeba, and is associated with the generation of an increased proportion of abnormal " Mimiviridae " virions.
16.
Since the genome of the gutless virus does not include genes encoding the enzymes and / or structural proteins required to replicate, it is deemed safe for use in gene therapy since an infection cannot occur except in the presence of a suitable helper virus.
17.
However, this is only possible when the host cell is co-infected with a helper virus which provides functions it needs to be able to replicate which it does not code for in its own genome such as a reverse transcriptase and some major structural proteins.
18.
Bernard La Scola and colleagues, who isolated both Sputnik and Zamilon, state that, if confirmed, this " would question the concept of virophage ", which has been considered to be differentiated from most other satellite viruses in having a deleterious effect on its helper virus.
19.
"' Sputnik virophage "'( from Greek ?????? " phagein " " to eat " ) is a subviral agent that reproduces in amoeba cells that are already infected by a certain helper virus; Sputnik uses the helper virus's machinery for reproduction and inhibits replication of the helper virus.
20.
"' Sputnik virophage "'( from Greek ?????? " phagein " " to eat " ) is a subviral agent that reproduces in amoeba cells that are already infected by a certain helper virus; Sputnik uses the helper virus's machinery for reproduction and inhibits replication of the helper virus.
