| 11. | Since the adoption of mass and ring vaccination, complexities and challenges to herd immunity have arisen.
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| 12. | The administration of the vaccine to adults confers additional indirect protection ( herd immunity ) to children.
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| 13. | Vaccination provides herd immunity, which lowers the likelihood of an animal coming into contact with an infected animal.
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| 14. | For these reasons, certain populations may require immunizing high-risk persons or individuals of both sexes to establish herd immunity.
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| 15. | This is in contrast with the high herd immunity strategies for other Infectious diseases such as polio and measles.
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| 16. | Although the protection observed has been described as " moderate ", herd immunity can multiply the effectiveness of vaccination.
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| 17. | The population born over the last two decades has a low herd immunity and therefore more susceptible to the virus.
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| 18. | For sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ), high levels of immunity in one sex induces herd immunity for both sexes.
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| 19. | The promotion of high levels of vaccination produces the protective effect of herd immunity as well as positive externalities in society.
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| 20. | Besides individual protection from getting ill, some vaccination policies also aim to provide the community as a whole with herd immunity.
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