Whilst this was often the case in quasi-hierarchical chains ( with considerable customer power ) it has become apparent that some firms operate in multiple value chains ( subject to multiple forms of governance ) and serve both national and international markets and that this plays a role in the development of firm capabilities ( Navas-Aleman, 2011; UNCTAD, 2013 ).
12.
But the Vatican tossed that document back with the complaint that it relied too much on trust between bishops and Catholic educators and did not tie American colleges and universities " juridically " into the hierarchical chain of command . ( Historically, most Catholic colleges and universities have not operated directly under the bishops but under the auspices of religious orders of priests and sisters and, in recent decades, under independent boards of trustees with lay majorities .)
