Incorporation, relative homoplasy, and effect of gap cracters in sequence-basedphylogenetic analyses . " Systematic Biology " 50 : 454 462.
12.
Parsimony is often characterized as implicitly adopting the position that evolutionary change is rare, or that homoplasy ( convergence and reversal ) is minimal in evolution.
13.
When considered character-by character, conflict between character and a tree due to reticulation cannot be told from conflict due either to homoplasy or error.
14.
With low homoplasy the weighted methods generally produced the more accurate results but inappropriate weighting could make these worse than MP or GA under moderate or high homoplasy levels.
15.
With low homoplasy the weighted methods generally produced the more accurate results but inappropriate weighting could make these worse than MP or GA under moderate or high homoplasy levels.
16.
However, a recent study suggests that resemblance to fossil notostracans is probably a result of the " highly conserved general morphology in this group and of homoplasy ".
17.
The consistency index ( CI ) measures the consistency of a tree to a set of data a measure of the minimum amount of homoplasy implied by the tree.
18.
The CSIs that are restricted to a particular clade or group of species, generally provide good convergent or parallel evolution ( i . e . homoplasy ) or synapomorphy.
19.
Of course, the only reason a homoplasy is recognizable in the first place is because there are other characters that imply a pattern of relationships that reveal its homoplastic distribution.
20.
However, the phenomena of convergent evolution, parallel evolution, and evolutionary reversals ( collectively termed " homoplasy " ) add an unpleasant wrinkle to the problem of estimating phylogeny.
