The produced water is often routed to a hydrocyclone to remove entrained oil and solids and then either re-injected into the reservoir, used for gas lift, flared or used as fuel for the installation's power generators.
12.
The mixture is injected into the hydrocyclone in such a way as to create the vortex and, depending upon the relative densities of the two phases, the centrifugal acceleration will cause the dispersed phase to move away from or towards the central core of the vortex.
13.
Further water treatment is designed to remove oil droplets smaller than 150 micron, dissolved materials and hydrocarbons, heavier oils or other contaminants not removed by the API . Secondary treatment technologies include dissolved air flotation ( DAF ), Anaerobic and Aerobic biological treatment, Parallel Plate Sseparators, Hydrocyclone, Walnut Shell Filters and Media filters.
14.
Recent publications by Ashok Malhotra include, How to Create excellent Universities and Steam Property Tables Some publications from his research areas of solar energy, heat transfer and fluid flow are, Minimizing convective heat losses in flat plate solar collectors, Modelling the flow in a Hydrocyclone, Optimal Geometries of Solar concentrators ., heat exchangers and thermodynamic properties of steam
