Initial mutations did not apply across phrase boundaries generally, but there are some instances where this does occur in the earliest Old Irish attestations.
12.
When a gene is identified as affecting a specific phenotype, a modifier screen can be used to assess which genes that either enhance or inhibit the phenotypic expression of the initial mutation.
13.
Note that although both the Irish relative pronoun and the relativizer are'a', the relative pronoun triggers lenition of a following consonant, while the relativizer triggers eclipsis ( see Irish initial mutations ).
14.
For example, in the case of the possessive determiner " a ", only the initial mutation of the following word distinguishes the meanings " his ", " her ", and " their ":
15.
Because the languages belong to the Brittonic branch of the Celtic language group ( so-called " P-Celtic " ), initial mutation must predate the split in the development paths of the Brittonic and Goidelic languages.
16.
In the Irish language words are highly inflected depending on their case ( genitive, nominative, dative, and vocative ); they are also inflected on their place within a sentence due to the presence of initial mutations.
17.
Initial mutations must not be confused with assimilations that may occur in compound words ( such as, for instance, in the Sindarin names " Araphor ", " Arassuil " and " Caradhras " ).
18.
For example, the only way ( apart from context ) in which the possessive pronouns " her, " " his " and " their " can be distinguished is through initial mutations since all the meanings are represented by the same word " a ".
19.
The hyphen ( ) is used in Irish after the letters " t " and " n " when these are attached to a vowel-initial word through the rules of the initial mutations, as in " the bread ", " their daughter ".
20.
The mutations introduced in the ES Cells are " conditional " : this means that the initial mutation can be modified-by the application of particular DNA-altering enzymes ( site specific recombinases ) to make the knockout initially " latent " in the genome.
