As a result, new surfaces ( b in Figure 2 ) of the particle would get exposed to the matrix and the particle-matrix interfacial energy would increase.
12.
The attachment of the bubbles to the particles is determined by the interfacial energies of between the solid, liquid, and vapor phases, as modeled by the Young / Dupre Equation.
13.
Thus, shuffle transformations, where distortions are small, are dominated by interfacial energies and can be usefully separated from lattice-distortive transformations where the strain energy tends to have a greater effect.
14.
The LNG defines melting conditions through the Gibbs-Duhem relations, yielding a melting temperature function dependent on the interfacial energies between the solid and liquid phases, volumes and surface areas of each phase, and size of the nanoparticle.
15.
Hydrophobicity is a property which is characterized by the water contact angle ( CA ) and interfacial energies of the solid-water, solid-vapor, and water-vapor interfaces and thus it is a thermodynamic property usually quantitatively defined as CA > 90 degrees.
16.
The mixture concentration \ phi = \ rho _ A-\ rho _ B is the density difference of the mixture components, the control parameters which determine the stability of the mixture are A and B, and the interfacial energy cost is determined by \ kappa.
17.
This is shown in the following equation in which a particle with radius r at an interface between oil ( O ) and water ( W ) results in a decrease of the initial interfacial energy E 0 to E 1; this difference in energy is ?E 1.
18.
Where S is the spreading parameter, \ gamma _ { \ text { s } } the surface energy of the substrate, \ gamma _ l the surface energy of the liquid, and \ gamma _ { \ text { s-l } } the interfacial energy between the substrate and the liquid.
19.
Where S is the coefficient of spreading, \ gamma _ { SA } is the surface energy of the substrate in air, \ gamma _ { CA } is the surface energy of the liquid coating in air and \ gamma _ { SC } is the interfacial energy between the coating and the substrate.
20.
Where \ gamma _ { \ text { s-g } } is the interfacial energy between the solid and gas phases, \ gamma _ { \ text { s-l } } the interfacial energy between the substrate and the liquid, \ gamma _ { \ text { l-g } } is the interfacial energy between the liquid and gas phases, and \ theta is the contact angle between the solid-gas and the solid-liquid interface.
