A model proposed by Naqvi et al . ( see above ) is that the insula stores a representation of the pleasurable interoceptive effects of drug use ( e . g ., the airway sensory effects of nicotine, the cardiovascular effects of amphetamine ), and that this representation is activated by exposure to cues that have previously been associated with drug use.
12.
The doctor seeks to convince patients that their symptoms do not signify danger or loss of control, for example, if combined with the interoceptive exposure, the doctor can show them that there is no unavoidable calamity and if the patient can keep themselves under control, they learn by themselves that there is no real threat and that it is just in their mind.
