Within the solar system, space weather is influenced by the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field ( IMF ) carried by the solar wind aurora and geomagnetically induced currents at Earth's surface.
12.
In the Earth s magnetosphere, the currents are driven by the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field and by bulk motions of plasma through the magnetosphere ( convection indirectly driven by the interplanetary environment ).
13.
The experiments studied the positive ions ( cations ) and electrons in the solar wind, the interplanetary electron density ( radio propagation experiment ), solar and galactic cosmic rays, and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field.
14.
In the polar regions with open magnetic field lines ( where the geomagnetic field merges with the interplanetary magnetic field ), the solar wind flowing through the polar magnetosphere induces an electric field directed from dawn to dusk.
15.
The amount of solar wind energy and plasma entering the actual magnetosphere depends on how far it departs from such a " closed " configuration, i . e . the extent to which Interplanetary Magnetic Field field lines manage to cross the boundary.
16.
In another key paper, Valery proposed that power in waves of 10s of second period observed on the surface of the earth could be used to infer the magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic field in the solar wind upstream of Earth s magnetosphere.
17.
The research characterized variances in formation of the interplanetary magnetic field ( IMF ) largely influenced by Kelvin-Helmholtz waves ( which occur at the interface of two fluids ) as a result of differences in thickness and numerous other characteristics of the boundary layer.
18.
Due to effects of the interplanetary magnetic field, and the solar wind, the dipole model is particularly inaccurate at high L-shells ( e . g ., above L = 3 ), but may be a good approximation for lower L-shells.
19.
Cluster has now also unambiguously discovered'reverse reconnection'near the polar cusps .'Dayside reconnection'allows interconnection of the Earth's magnetic field with that of the Sun ( the Interplanetary Magnetic Field ), allowing particle and energy entry into the Earth's vicinity.
20.
Tail reconnection allows release of energy stored in the Earth's magnetic tail, injecting particles deep into the magnetosphere, causing auroral substorms .'Reverse reconnection'is reconnection of Earth's tail magnetic fields with northward Interplanetary Magnetic Fields, causing sunward convection in the Earth's ionosphere.
