| 11. | Accordingly, it is quite useful to combine hydrogen isotope effects with heavy-atom isotope effects.
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| 12. | Kinetic isotope effects from isotopic mass ratios can be as large as 36.4 using muons.
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| 13. | However, when temperature decreases isotope effects are more expressed and randomness plays less of a role.
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| 14. | This outcome is related to the fact that equilibrium isotope effects are usually smaller than kinetic isotope effects.
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| 15. | This outcome is related to the fact that equilibrium isotope effects are usually smaller than kinetic isotope effects.
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| 16. | The Mitsunobu reaction has also been used to label the oxygen atom in alcohols for isotope effect measurements.
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| 17. | His work on the magnitude of kinetic isotope effects is still the basis of understanding in the field.
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| 18. | Kinetic isotope effect values are a ratio of the turnover number and include all steps of the reaction.
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| 19. | This assertion has also been supported by the observation of unusually large kinetic isotope effects ( KIE ).
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| 20. | The weak isotope effects observed for most cuprates contrast with conventional superconductors that are well described by BCS theory.
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