This would account for the increased salinity, but would also account for the lack of oxygen isotopic fractionation; brine rejection without oxygen isotopic fractionation is thought to be highly characteristic of sea ice formation.
12.
This would account for the increased salinity, but would also account for the lack of oxygen isotopic fractionation; brine rejection without oxygen isotopic fractionation is thought to be highly characteristic of sea ice formation.
13.
Correcting for isotopic fractionation, as is done for all radiocarbon dates to allow comparison between results from different parts of the biosphere, gives an apparent age of about 400 years for ocean surface water.
14.
The relative abundance of 14 N and 15 N is practically constant in the atmosphere but can vary elsewhere, due to natural isotopic fractionation from biological redox reactions and the evaporation of natural ammonia or nitric acid.
15.
X w is the mole fraction of lipid H derived from external water, whereas ? l / w and ? l / s denote the net isotopic fractionations associated with uptake and utilization of water and substrate hydrogen, respectively.
16.
\alpha = 1 indicates that the isotopes are distributed evenly between AX and BX, with no isotopic fractionation . \ alpha > 1 indicates that h X is concentrated in substance AX, and \ alpha indicates h X is concentrated in substance BX . \ alpha is closely related to the equilibrium constant ( K eq ):
