Larvae who grow at a slower rate with low nutrition, devote more energy towards growing spine-like appendages to protect themselves from predators in an attempt to increase survival into the juvenile phase.
12.
Juvenile leaves are stalkless, opposite, stem-clasping, with scalloped edges, round or heart-shaped, to 10x 8 cm, greenish-grey, glaucous; stems square in cross section, shrubs and smaller trees mature and flower in the juvenile phase.
