Although insensitive to low frequency mirror drift, laser frequency variation, reflectivity imbalance between the arms, and thermally induced birefringence, this configuration is nevertheless sensitive to passing gravitational waves at frequencies of astronomical interest.
12.
The knowledge allows the research team to control this process by changing the laser-pulse bandwidth or by chirping the pulse that is, increasing or decreasing the laser frequency with time during the pulse.
13.
Here { m _ e } is the electron mass, { e } is the electron charge, { c } is the speed of light and { \ omega _ 0 } is the laser frequency.
14.
The PDH technique responds to the frequency of laser emission independently of intensity, which is significant because many other methods that control laser frequency, such as a side-of-fringe lock are also affected by intensity instabilities.
15.
Hopefully some tweaking of the laser frequency and power could produce a mark that noticeably changes the colour of the cucumber skin ( ideally bleaches it white ) without really damaging the skin ( affecting its shelf life and customer acceptability ).
16.
Although visible and infrared frequencies were still too high to be directly measured, it was possible to construct a " chain " of laser frequencies that, by suitable multiplication, differ from each other by only a directly measurable frequency in the microwave region.
17.
Where \ Gamma is the natural line width of the excited state, \ mu is the electric dipole coupling, \ omega _ o is the frequency of the transition, and \ delta is the defining or difference between the laser frequency and the transition frequency.
18.
It was the quest of Baird and his colleagues to improve the accuracy of the speed of light which ultimately provided the solid foundation for redefining the International Meter in 1982 and their skilled pioneering work in laser frequency stabilization and measurement which resulted in the following achievements:
19.
ESPRESSO will benefit not only from the much larger combined light-collecting capacity of the four 8.2-metre VLT Unit Telescopes, but also from improvements in the stability and calibration accuracy that are now possible ( for example, laser frequency comb technology ).
20.
For the most precise work in mass metrology, " "'g " "'is measured using dropping-mass absolute gravimeters that contain an iodine-stabilized helium neon laser frequency-sweep output from the interferometer is measured with a rubidium atomic clock.
