| 11. | The measurement model estimates the latent variables as a weighted sum of its manifest variables.
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| 12. | In SEM diagrams, latent variables are commonly shown as ovals and observed variables as rectangles.
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| 13. | His book on Latent variable models ( now in its fourth edition ) remains very popular.
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| 14. | In this example, the latent variable refers to political opinion and the latent classes to political groups.
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| 15. | First, a distributional form for the latent variable t _ i ^ U needs to be assumed.
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| 16. | The unknown quantity may be a parameter of the model or a latent variable rather than an observable variable.
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| 17. | Hierarchies of latent variables have emerged as a natural structure in several applications, notably to model text documents.
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| 18. | The Expectation maximization algorithm ( EM ) is also one of the most practical methods for learning latent variable models.
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| 19. | These parameter-estimates are then used to determine the distribution of the latent variables in the next E step.
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| 20. | With SEM, " intelligence " would be the latent variable and the test items would be the observed variables.
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