Leaf area index of boreal forests : theory, techniques, and measurements . " Journal of Geophysical Research, BOREAS Special Issue " 102 ( D24 ) : 29429 29444.
12.
These can be quite elaborate in the case of certain maize varieties, but tend to use a trapezoidal or leaf area index ( LAI ) curve for common crop or vegetation canopies.
13.
This geometry can be measured precisely and used to calculate solar radiation transmitted through ( or intercepted by ) plant canopies, as well as to estimate aspects of canopy structure such as leaf area index.
14.
The abundance of sunflecks varies greatly both within and between ecosystems, generally the frequency and intensity of sunflecks decreases as tree { i . e ., plant or canopy } height and the leaf area index increase.
15.
Leaf area index is typically calculated as the leaf area per unit ground area that would produce the observed gap fraction distribution, given an assumption of random leaf angle distribution, or a known leaf angle distribution and degree of clumping.
16.
Plants in the C22 cycle were 50 cm taller, had twice the leaf area index, reached anthesis 7 days later and had a 30 % higher harvest index than C0 ( Table 1 ) Differences in growth were detected early in ontogeny.
17.
For example, hemispherical photography has been used to characterize winter roosting sites for monarch butterflies ( Weiss et al . 1991 ), effects of forest edges ( Galo et al . 1991 ), influence of forest treefall gaps on tree regeneration ( Rich et al . 1993 ), spatial and temporal variability of light in tropical rainforest understory ( Clark et al . 1996 ), impacts of hurricanes on forest ecology ( Bellingham et al . 1996 ), leaf area index for validation of remote sensing ( Chen et al . 1997 ), canopy architecture of boreal forests ( Fournier et al . 1997 ), light environment in old growth temperate rain forests ( Weiss 2000 ), and management of vineyard trellises to make better wine ( Weiss et al . 2003 ).
