In facsimile systems, the "'cooperation factor "'is the product of the total image scanning length and the scanning density, given by " CF " = " L " ?, where " L " is the scanning line length and ? is the scanning line density, both in compatible units.
12.
:: The Laplace equation can be interpreted as " conservation of field lines " : field lines can only start or end on charges, so as you get farther from the charge they thin out like 1 / r? and the field line density is proportional to the strength of the force.