Prior to 1990, the ICRP used the term " dose equivalent " to refer to the absorbed dose at a point multiplied by the quality factor at that point, where the quality factor was a function of linear energy transfer ( LET ).
12.
If ? tends toward infinity, then there are no electrons with larger energy, and the linear energy transfer becomes the "'unrestricted linear energy transfer "'which is identical to the linear electronic " stopping power ".
13.
If ? tends toward infinity, then there are no electrons with larger energy, and the linear energy transfer becomes the "'unrestricted linear energy transfer "'which is identical to the linear electronic " stopping power ".
14.
The study, which investigated leukaemia and brain cancer, indicated a linear dose response in the low dose region and had qualitative estimates of risk that were in agreement with the Life Span Study ( Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation ).
15.
Especially in the field of radiation damage in detectors, the term " "'non-ionizing energy loss "'" ( NIEL ) is used as a term opposite to the linear energy transfer ( LET ), see e . g.
16.
"The quantity dose equivalent " H " is the product of the absorbed dose " D " of ionizing radiation and the dimensionless factor " Q " ( quality factor ) defined as a function of linear energy transfer by the ICRU"
17.
Confusion between US and ICRP dose quantity systems can arise because the use of the term " dose equivalent " has been used within the ICRP system since 1991 only for quantities calculated using the value of Q ( Linear energy transfer-LET ), which the ICRP calls " operational quantities ".
18.
Related radiological effect studies have shown that survivors of the atomic bomb explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear reactor workers and patients who have undergone therapeutic radiation treatments have received low-linear energy transfer ( LET ) radiation ( x-rays and gamma rays ) doses in the same 50-2000 mSv range.
19.
Beta rays of a given energy will travel much less distance through solid matter than a gamma ray of the same energy; what this means is that for each unit of distance a beta ray travels, it deposits more energy : a greater radiation dose along a shorter path . ( Technically, one is trading low linear energy transfer ( LET ) radiation for high LET radiation .)
20.
Although the CIPM definition states that the linear energy transfer function ( Q ) of the ICRU is used in calculating the biological effect, the ICRP in 1990 developed the " protection " dose quantities " effective " and " equivalent " dose which are calculated from more complex computational models and are distinguished by not having the phrase " dose equivalent " in their name.
