| 11. | Pharyngealized consonants do not occur in verbs or adjectives, and in nouns and adverbs they occur predominantly before the low vowels ( ).
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| 12. | Hopi has a number of stop contrasts at the velar place of articulation that occur before the low vowel " a ".
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| 13. | When, due to suffixation, consonant clusters arose that were not permitted, the non-low vowel was inserted as a prop vowel.
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| 14. | Appears as before non-low vowels, and as and before either of the high front vowels . is realized as after a nasal.
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| 15. | The vertical dimension of the vowel diagram is known as vowel high, which includes high, central ( mid ), or low vowels.
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| 16. | The post-alveolar approximants are truly retroflex ( sub-apical ) before mid and low vowels, but laminal before high vowels ( ).
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| 17. | In the mid-18th century it was still pronounced in most environments, but may occasionally have been deleted entirely, especially after low vowels.
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| 18. | In the Twi language, the �ATR distinction has merged in the low vowel, so that is harmonically neutral, occurring with either set of vowels.
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| 19. | For older speakers, long vowels tend to be more peripheral and short vowels more centralised, especially with the low vowel, which is long but short.
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| 20. | For example, high vowels such as [ i ] and [ u ] tend to have higher fundamental frequency than low vowels such as [ a ].
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