Most wing-dimorphic tettigoniids have a brachypterous ( short-winged ) form and a macropterous ( long-winged ) form.
12.
The second, macropterous, have fully developed wings and emerge when dispersal is required due to high population density or low quality host plants.
13.
They are both fully winged ( macropterous ) and partially winged ( brachypterous ) . Brachypterous individuals are more common, macropterous forms are mostly males.
14.
They are both fully winged ( macropterous ) and partially winged ( brachypterous ) . Brachypterous individuals are more common, macropterous forms are mostly males.
15.
Apterous populations of gerrids would be restricted to stable aquatic habitats that experience little change in environment, while macropterous populations can inhabit more changing, variable water supplies.
16.
The populations found farther north, at the range borders, have a higher percentage of extra long-winged ( macropterous ) individuals in comparison to populations in range core.
17.
The dispersal and flight capability of macropterous individuals provides them with an increased chance of finding a new habitat and colonising a new territory, at the cost of reproductive ability.
18.
In some species of insects, brachyptery occurs in some members ( say in only one sex, or only some castes ), whereas fully functional wings occur in macropterous individuals.
19.
It is clear that macropterous individuals have a selective advantage due to their capability for sustained flight, allowing them to form new colonies and benefit from habitats that have opened up farther north.
20.
It has been suggested that production of macropterous forms may be due to juvenile hormone ( JH ) degradation in the final instar, which leads to a shorter period of JH presence within the nymph.
