The physical theory of deterministic chaos developed by Boris Chirikov has found applications in solar system dynamics, particle dynamics in accelerators and plasma magnetic traps, and numerous other systems.
12.
Extending Chu's insights, Phillips and his co-workers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Md ., pioneered such magnetic traps and the refinement of the cooling method.
13.
During his two years as a postdoc he came up with a plan to combine laser cooling and evaporative cooling in a magnetic trap to create a Bose Einstein condensate ( BEC ).
14.
She used magnetic traps and lasers to cool fermionic atomic gases to less than 100 billionths of a degree above zero, successfully demonstrating quantum degeneracy and the formation of a molecular Bose-Einstein condensate.
15.
Next the atoms were subjected to a procedure called evaporative cooling, in which the atoms were held in a magnetic trap strong enough to hold the coolest atoms but allowing the warmest to escape.
16.
Because producing the Bose-Einstein Condensate involved creating a magnetic trap to keep the atoms closely packed, the tricky part was finding a way to let some atoms escape the trap without losing the whole pack.
17.
The central region where the mixing and thus antihydrogen formation takes place is surrounded by a superconducting octupole magnet and two axially separated short solenoids " mirror-coils " to form a " minimum-B " magnetic trap.
