The task of moving in and out of the kernel to move data between the various applications and servers creates overhead which is detrimental to the efficiency of micro kernels in comparison with monolithic kernels.
12.
Some systems that use micro kernels are QNX and the HURD . In the case of QNX and Hurd user sessions can be entire snapshots of the system itself or views as it is referred to.
13.
Micro kernels were invented as a reaction to traditional " monolithic " kernel design, whereby all system functionality was put in a one static program running in a special " system " mode of the processor.
14.
Hybrid kernels are micro kernels that have some " non-essential " code in kernel-space in order for the code to run more quickly than it would were it to be in user-space.
15.
They are part of the operating systems like AIX, BeOS, Hurd, Mach, macOS, MINIX, QNX . Etc . Although micro kernels are very small by themselves, in combination with all their required auxiliary code they are, in fact, often larger than monolithic kernels.
