Roughly speaking, a "'molecular energy state "', i . e . an eigenstate of the molecular Hamiltonian, is the sum of the electronic, vibrational, rotational, nuclear, and translational components, such that:
12.
Burnstock's proposal was met with criticism, since ATP is an ubiquitous intracellular molecular energy source so it seemed counter-intuitive that cells might also actively release this vital molecule as a neurotransmitter.
13.
The needles may also find a use in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, a process in which molecular energy levels are measured by comparing the frequency of incident light with that of outgoing light.
14.
We cannot observe this molecular energy directly, but we can observe it indirectly, because the object then tends to transfer heat energy back to its surroundings in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics.
15.
Different isomers were shown to have different stabilities due to their molecular energy ( highest stability : 5-cis e " all-trans e " 9-cis e " 13-cis > 15-cis > 7-cis > 11-cis : lowest ).
