| 11. | The lower jaw is very deep, resulting in a lengthened moment arm of the jaw muscles.
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| 12. | However, the rectus femoris moment arm is greater over the knee than the hamstring knee moment.
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| 13. | The distance from this axis to the sprung center of gravity height is the roll moment arm length.
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| 14. | To offset this effect, the skis had evolved to be much shorter, reducing the moment arm.
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| 15. | The rectus femoris biarticular muscle acting over the hip has a smaller hip moment arm than the hamstrings.
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| 16. | A shorter tail could counteract the torsion caused by the greater moment arm of the very long spikes.
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| 17. | The solution was simply to make the ski considerably shorter, reducing the moment arm and counteracting these effects.
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| 18. | A spade works in the same manner as a horn but is more efficient due to the longer moment arm.
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| 19. | This is caused by the center of lift and drag being further above the CG and having a longer moment arm.
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| 20. | This allows the foot to remain in contact with the ground for longer amount of time while decreasing the moment arm.
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