Stachel's view builds on the work of philosophers such as Gottfried Leibniz whose monadology proposed that the world should be viewed only in terms of relations between objects rather than their absolute positions.
12.
The Wolffian system retains the determinism and optimism of Leibniz, but the monadology recedes into the background, the monads falling asunder into souls or conscious beings on the one hand and mere atoms on the other.
13.
Gottfried Leibniz, belonging to the generation immediately after Descartes, held the position that the mental world was built up by monads, mental objects that are not part of the physical world ( see Monadology ).
14.
Khoury has also published articles, including " Die Geschichte-Ein g�ttliches Gedicht " ( " History, a divine poem " ), associating Bach's compositional style to Leibniz's Monadology.
15.
The Leibnizian monadology represented reality as made up of active individuals, including human persons but also a vast variety of other psychic units, ranging from the most dimly conscious or unconscious sleeping monads to the sublime consciousness of God.
16.
When it was written, the " Monadology " tried to answer two huge philosophical questions both studied by Descartes from a monist point of view : the first about the nature of reality, and the second about the problem of communication of substances.
17.
On the other hand, if the Monadology is taken as a monistic form of dynamism, which appears to be the predominant view now, then there is no psychophysical parallelism in ontological terms, merely a technical difference in the patterns of dynamics of individuals and aggregates.
18.
At the same time, Leibniz also construed perfection, in his " Monadology ", in an utterly different way : " Only that is perfect which possesses no limits, that is, only God . " This concept would last out the entire 17th century.
19.
However, the Monadology appears to make it clear, as does much of the late correspondence quoted by Garber, that Leibniz comes to see that Monads are the only atoms of nature and'body'is merely an illusory appearance of aggregates of monads relating to our confused perceptions.
20.
This idea concerns human organizations, but is consistent with Leibniz or Gabriel Tarde's monadology, or with Alfred North Whitehead's process philosophy, which explains the macro both in human and non-human " societies " from the processes taking place between its constituent parts.
