The emperor continued to persecute any who spoke out against Monotheletism, including Maximus the Confessor and a number of his disciples Maximus lost his tongue and his right hand in an effort to have him recant.
12.
Justinian hoped that this would contribute to a reunion between the Chalcedonians and heresies to arise in the process, such as the aforementioned schism of the Three Chapters and the emergent semi-monophysite compromises of monoenergism and monotheletism.
13.
The Exarchate at this time was in internal turmoil due to the conflict between the mainly Orthodox Chalcedonian population and the supporters of Monotheletism, an attempt at compromise between Chalcedonianism and Monophysitism devised and promoted by Heraclius in 638.
14.
The Exarchate of Africa was in internal turmoil due to the conflict between the mainly Orthodox Chalcedonian population and the supporters of Monotheletism, an attempt at compromise between Chalcedonianism and Monophysitism devised and promoted by Emperor Heraclius in 638.
15.
In 638 the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius ( r . 610 641 ) demanded that the newly elected Pope, Severinus sign his assent to the " Ecthesis ", a document which defined monotheletism as the official imperial form of Christianity.
16.
By 649, when his successor Olympius is named as being at Ravenna, he was already back at the imperial court in Constantinople, functioning as the advisor of Emperor Constans II on the Italian situation regarding Pope Martin I's resistance to Monotheletism.
17.
In 646, the exarch Gregory the Patrician launched a rebellion against Emperor Constans II . The obvious reason was the latter's support for Monotheletism, but it undoubtedly was also a reaction to the Muslim conquest of Egypt, and the threat it presented to Byzantine Africa.
18.
With the exception of Pope Martin I, no pope during this period questioned the authority of the Byzantine monarch to confirm the election of the bishop of Rome before consecration could occur; however, theological conflicts were common between pope and emperor in the areas such as monotheletism and iconoclasm.
19.
In the religious field, the loss of the Monophysite eastern provinces ended the need for the unsuccessful compromise doctrine of Monotheletism, which was abandoned at the Third Council of Constantinople in 680, while the Quinisext Council in 692 saw the promotion of the interests and views of the Patriarchate of Constantinople against the See of Rome.
20.
The Council of Chalcedon gave rise to what has been called the Monophysite Schism in the process giving rise to several other schisms and teachings later condemned as heresy, such as monoenergism and monotheletism, which were devised as attempted compromises between the Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian parties ( cf . the " Henotikon " and the Three Chapters-the latter itself leading to another schism lasting over a century, the Schism of the Three Chapters ).
