| 11. | Females have a bright rufous nape collar which is moulted during the non-breeding season.
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| 12. | Maclean observed that the birds moulted into a paler, less bold non-breading plumage.
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| 13. | These are present after around 16 weeks of age when the birds have moulted into adult plumage.
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| 14. | In some countries, flocks of commercial layer hens are force-moulted to reinvigorate egg-laying.
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| 15. | The newly moulted adult female becomes increasingly active for the first 6 7 days and seeks a host.
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| 16. | The cornea is composed of either one or two cuticular layers depending on how recently the animal has moulted.
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| 17. | Breeding takes place in late summer after the nymph has moulted for the last time and become an adult.
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| 18. | Feathers are moulted gradually between July and November with the main flight feathers taking 90 100 days to moult and regrow.
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| 19. | In addition to age, the gender seems to affect cannibalistic behaviour as males cannibalised newly moulted females less than males.
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| 20. | Those of adults will be of various lengths and levels of wear, since each is moulted at a different time.
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