It is considered that glutamine may have a possible role in stimulated anabolic processes such as muscle glycogen and protein synthesis, for well-trained and well-nourished athletes.
12.
This rerouting to glycogen explains the rapid resynthesis of muscle glycogen after exercise as well as the increased glycogen content in muscles found in starvation or diabetes.
13.
Liver glycogen serves as a storage pool to maintain the blood glucose level during fasting, whereas muscle glycogen synthesis accounts for disposal of up to 90 % of ingested glucose.
14.
With depletion of muscle glycogen, the loss of ATP causes the muscles to grow stiff, as the actin-myosin bonds cannot be released . ( Rigor is later resolved by enzymatic breakdown of the myofibers .)
15.
Initially during increased exertion, muscle glycogen is broken down to produce glucose, which undergoes glycolysis producing pyruvate which then reacts with oxygen ( Krebs cycle, Chemiosmosis ) to produce carbon dioxide and water and releases energy.
16.
The cloning of the human liver glycogen phosphorylase ( HLGP ) revealed a new allosteric binding site near the subunit interface that is not present in the rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase ( RMGP ) normally used in studies.
17.
Mutational studies of patients with glycogen-storage disease type 0 do not demonstrate correlations between genotype and phenotype . [ 3 ] A different gene ( GYS1, 138570 ) encodes muscle glycogen synthetase, which has normal activity in patients with glycogen-storage disease type 0.
18.
Many biochemical adaptations of skeletal muscle that take place during a single bout of exercise or an extended duration of training, such as increased mitochondrial biogenesis and capacity, increased muscle glycogen, and an increase in enzymes which specialize in glucose uptake in cells such as GLUT4 and hexokinase II are thought to be mediated in part by AMPK when it is activated.
19.
Although a greater endurance can assist the cardiovascular system it does not imply that any cardiovascular disease can be guaranteed to improve . " The major metabolic consequences of the adaptations of muscle to endurance exercise are a slower utilization of muscle glycogen and blood glucose, a greater reliance on fat oxidation, and less lactate production during exercise of a given intensity ."
20.
Bob Cooper, a veteran marathoner and contributing editor for " Runner's World ", points to medical studies as evidence that the final three weeks of any marathon-training program are the most critical stage of training; a review of fifty studies on tapering indicates that optimal levels of muscle glycogen, enzymes, antioxidants, and hormones, which are significantly depleted by intense endurance training, are achieved during a taper.
