While many older speakers refer to the language as Krio or Pidgin, most present-day speakers refer to it as Pichinglis, Pichin with a nasalised final vowel or Pichi tout court.
12.
For example all the words ending in "-um " would have been spoken with a nasalised " u " and no " m " sound unless followed by a vowel.
13.
Analyze the pre-sequences as " phonemic " short vowels and note that this process of nasalising the vowel and deleting the nasal occurs in many dialects of Dutch as well, such as the The Hague dialect.
14.
The vowels,,,, and each have nasalized forms :,,,, and, respectively, which historically results from,, etc . In some unusual cases, the vowels,, and may also be nasalised.
15.
For example, your secretary may call you " Abaaang " ( nasalised to establish congeniality ), but would wisely prefer to use " Tuan " or " Encik " when your wife is in the office.
16.
Vowel length is then only distinctive before simple consonants ( " i . e . " simple plosives, simple fricatives, simple nasals, approximants and liquids ) not before geminate or nasalised consonants or at the end of a word.
17.
I think I'll go by Jongseong, pronounced as if written in German but pronounced by French speakers, with nasalised vowels ( roughly as " Yong-say-ong " ), as that was what I was called when I was a little boy in Geneva.
18.
Similarly to Munster Irish, historical " bh " and " mh " ( nasalised ) have been lost in the middle or at the end of a word in Manx either with compensatory lengthening or vocalisation as "'u "'resulting in diphthongisation with the preceding vowel.
19.
According to data collected by Cibelli, a voiced or nasalised consonant does indeed have a small effect on the tone of a following vowel, making it a semitone or more lower; so that for example the second vowel of " ku-g�la " to buy would have a slightly lower pitch than that of " ku-k�la " to grow or " ku-kh�la " to sit.
20.
Krause ( 1966 ) segments the top line of text into " ana hahai slaginaz . " " Hahai " here is interpreted as " hanh, " indicating both the occurrence in speech of the aspirant h preceded by a vowel and a nasal to be realised as nasalised vowel ( explaining the representation as " hahai " instead of expected " hanhai ) and the development of the Proto-Germanic dative ending from /-ai / to /- / over time.
