Through this work, Cross relates that he discovered major shortcomings in [ his ] original Nigrescence Model, and so the second part of Shades of Black includes a revised version of his 1971 Negro-to-Black Conversion Model.
12.
In essence, the study examined the Nigrescence model in cohort with Erik Erikson s ( 1968 ) adolescent development model, and determined that a distinction was necessary between the two because there was some overlap in the populations that the models described.
13.
Professor William E . Cross, Jr . of the City University of New York's Graduate Center included a theory of Nigrescence in his groundbreaking book " Shades of Black : Diversity in African American Identity ", which was published in 1991.
14.
Cross and Fhagen-Smith determined that the importance factor in this distinction was the centrality of the individual; individuals who made their race / ethnicity central to their identity or sense of self may be better described by the Nigrescence model, whereas those with nonethnic frameworks may be better described by Erikson s adolescent development model.
15.
Spencer and Harpalani employ William E . Cross's ( 1991 ) Nigrescence framework and contend that black teenagers'use of " acting white " in relation to academic achievement is similar to white teenagers'use of the term " nerd " : the only difference is that black teenagers express it in racialized terms, as in addition to normal teenage peer pressure, they are grappling with racial identity and what it means to be " black ".
