Gould saw the term to be optimally suited for evolutionary biology for " the concept of a nonadaptive architectural by-product of definite and necessary form a structure of particular size and shape that then becomes available for later and secondary utility ".
12.
Gould advocates the hypothesis that cognition in humans came about as a spandrel : " Natural selection made the human brain big, but most of our mental properties and potentials may be spandrels-that is, nonadaptive side consequences of building a device with such structural complexity ".
13.
There are currently 4 competing hypotheses behind the behavior ecology of scarification : ( 1 ) a rite of passage, ( 2 ) a hardening / trauma procedure, ( 3 ) a nonadaptive sexually selected character, or ( 4 ) an adaptive pathogen-driven sexually selected character.
14.
A unique game can be viewed as a special kind of nonadaptive probabilistically checkable proof with query complexity 2, where for each pair of possible queries of the verifier and each possible answer to the first query, there is exactly one possible answer to the second query that makes the verifier accept, and vice versa.
15.
A review in " Nature Reviews Cardiology " suggests that since illness or injury are associated with prolonged periods of enforced rest, such sedentariness has physiologically become linked to life-preserving metabolic and stress related responses such as inflammation that aid recovery during illness and injury but which due to being nonadaptive during health now lead to chronic diseases.
16.
Proponents of the nonadaptive hypothesis, such as Elisabeth Lloyd, refer to the relative difficulty of achieving female orgasm through vaginal sex, the limited evidence for increased fertility after orgasm and the lack of statistical correlation between the capacity of a woman to orgasm and the likelihood that she will engage in intercourse . " Lloyd is by no means against evolutionary psychology.
17.
While Miller states that male scientists such as Stephen Jay Gould and Donald Symons " have viewed the female clitoral orgasm as an evolutionary side-effect of the male capacity for penile orgasm " and that they " suggested that clitoral orgasm cannot be an adaptation because it is too hard to achieve ", Gould acknowledged that " most female orgasms emanate from a clitoral, rather than vaginal ( or some other ), site " and that his nonadaptive belief " has been widely misunderstood as a denial of either the adaptive value of female orgasm in general, or even as a claim that female orgasms lack significance in some broader sense ".
