When the plane wave is incident at a non-normal angle at the time of recording, the pattern formed is more complex but still acts as a negative lens provided it is illuminated at the original angle.
12.
It is mainly characterized by pachydermia ( thickening of the skin ), periostosis ( excessive bone formation ) and finger clubbing ( swelling of tissue with loss of normal angle between nail and nail bed ).
13.
If the incident light is at a normal angle ( along the axis of the optical system ), then the zero-th diffracted order continues to be along the optical system axis, while the other orders are diffracted sideways, with the amount of deviation increasing as the pitch of the grating is decreasing.
14.
It showed that the plane began its climb at a normal angle of 7 degrees but continued to pitch up, reaching an angle of 52 degrees, at which point the air flow over the wings was not capable of providing lift . The plane swung to the left and crashed into a maintenance hangar by the side of the runway.
