| 11. | N is a normal vector of this hyperplane.
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| 12. | The normal vectors are the rays the light is traveling down in ray optics.
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| 13. | The signed distance function is thus a differentiable extension of the normal vector field.
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| 14. | Now let \ phi be the angle between the normal vector and the vertical.
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| 15. | The affine normal vector field will be denoted by \ bold { A }.
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| 16. | The torque or curl is then a normal vector field in this 3rd dimension.
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| 17. | There are also circularly polarized solutions in which the fields rotate about the normal vector.
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| 18. | Now we look at light rays that are directed outward, along these normal vectors.
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| 19. | Unit Normal vectors corresponding to the u, v texture coordinate are mapped onto normal maps.
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| 20. | The magnitude of these normal vectors is given by the square root of the relative permittivity.
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