| 11. | The nuclear charge, Z is 2 for helium.
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| 12. | As an approximation, we can estimate the effective nuclear charge on each electron by the following:
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| 13. | Pauling used effective nuclear charge to proportion the distance between ions into anionic and a cationic radii.
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| 14. | Later searching for quarks, he and George Zweig developed the chemistry of atoms with fractional nuclear charge.
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| 15. | It is possible to determine the strength of the nuclear charge by the oxidation number of the atom.
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| 16. | Thus the shielding effect is less able to counter the decrease in radius caused by increasing nuclear charge.
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| 17. | On March 23, 1971, three simultaneously detonated 15 kiloton underground nuclear charges were exploded in the Taiga test.
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| 18. | The fluorine's electron cloud is definitely less shielded from the nuclear charge and will thus be less polarizable.
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| 19. | There, they could explode very small nuclear charges-- so small that, scientists claim, they wouldn't violate the treaty.
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| 20. | The screening constant, and subsequently the shielded ( or effective ) nuclear charge for each electron is deduced as:
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