| 11. | These are called the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
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| 12. | Under this null hypothesis, the expected value of will be zero if
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| 13. | This is a calculation of the probability to reject the null hypothesis.
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| 14. | Rejecting the null hypothesis would imply that different treatments result in altered effects.
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| 15. | The null hypothesis is rejected at level \ alpha if
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| 16. | The standard approach is to test a null hypothesis against an alternative hypothesis.
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| 17. | The null hypothesis is generally assumed to be true until evidence indicates otherwise.
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| 18. | The choice of the null hypothesis is associated with sparse and inconsistent advice.
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| 19. | This is not statistically significant, preserving the null hypothesis in this case.
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| 20. | Hence, the null hypothesis at the 5 % level is not rejected.
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