The nuptial pads of breeding males are also large, covering the entire inner surface of the thumb, with spines also present on the arms and chest.
12.
When a female joins the male in the water, the male grips onto the female s back, using his nuptial pads, that appear during breeding season.
13.
It resembles the " Hylarana picturata ", but can be distinguished by its continuous dorsolateral stripe, an immaculate dorsum without spots and the males lack nuptial pads.
14.
A "'nuptial pad "'( also known as thumb pad, or nuptial excrescence ) is a secondary sex characteristic present on some mature male frogs and salamanders.
15.
The male midwife toads were not genetically programmed for the underwater mating that necessarily followed and thus, over the span of two generations, Kammerer reported that his midwife toads were exhibiting black nuptial pads on their feet to give them more traction in this underwater mating process.
16.
Distal segment of fingers are blunt, not expanded, with roundish sub-articular tubercles ( one on 1st and 2nd fingers; two on 3rd and 4th fingers ), supernumerary tubercles are present on each palm, two metacarpal tubercles are present, webbing is absent as is the nuptial pad, and subcutaneous glands are present on the base of the 1st finger.
17.
The species differs from its congeners based on a combination of characters including small to medium-sized adult males, snout mucronate in dorsal view, canthus rostralis angular and sharp, snout slightly projecting beyond mouth ventrally, tympanum indistinct and one third of the eye diameter, tongue without papilla but with a lingual pit, nuptial pad rudimentary to absent, a bony tubercle on humerus at the end of deltoid ridge present in males and absent in females, skin finely granulated or smooth dorsally, lateral side marbled with white blotches on brown to black background.
