In particular, the pump band may consist of several distinct energy levels, or a continuum of levels, which allow optical pumping of the medium over a wide range of wavelengths.
12.
Economically important applications for semiconductor photonic devices include optical data recording, fiber optic telecommunications, laser printing ( based on xerography ), displays, and optical pumping of high-power lasers.
13.
An optical pumping experiment is commonly found in physics undergraduate laboratories, using rubidium gas isotopes and displaying the ability of radiofrequency ( MHz ) electromagnetic radiation to effectively pump and unpump these isotopes.
14.
Repeated cycles of converting kinetic energy to potential energy, and subsequent loss of this potential energy via optical pumping, allow the atoms to reach temperatures orders of magnitude below those available through simple Doppler cooling.
15.
The atoms are excited to a common state using optical pumping; when the applied RF field is swept over the hyperfine spectrum, the gas will absorb the pumping light, and a photodetector provides the response.
16.
Brossel is known for his work on optical pumping with Alfred Kastler, with whom he founded in 1951 the spectroscopic laboratory at ENS ( Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Hertzienne ), which now is called the Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel.
17.
Atoms moving through the potential landscape along the direction of the standing wave lose kinetic energy as they move to a potential maximum, at which point optical pumping moves them to a lower-energy state, thus ridding them of the potential energy they carried.
18.
The same process occurs after the spin energy has been altered by a change of the surrounding static magnetic field ( e . g . prepolarization by or insertion into high magnetic field ) or if the nonequilibrium state has been achieved by other means ( e . g . hyperpolarization by optical pumping ).
