In practice, measurements are made of the optical thickness of an aerosol layer at two different wavelengths, and the �ngstr�m exponent is estimated from these measurements using this formula.
12.
Most replaced the hot mirror with an infrared pass filter of the same optical thickness ( to retain focus ) and pass only infrared light to achieve results seen with infrared B & W film.
13.
The net effect would be a reduced optical thickness and a reduced cloud lifetime, allowing more infrared radiation to be emitted at the top of the atmosphere, as the ice particles sediment out.
14.
Where \ tau _ \ lambda is the optical thickness at wavelength \ lambda, and \ tau _ { \ lambda _ 0 } is the optical thickness at the reference wavelength \ lambda _ 0.
15.
Where \ tau _ \ lambda is the optical thickness at wavelength \ lambda, and \ tau _ { \ lambda _ 0 } is the optical thickness at the reference wavelength \ lambda _ 0.
16.
The degree of swelling is also accessible by comparing the acoustic thickness ( in the Sauerbrey sense ) to the optical thickness as determined by, for example, surface plasmon resonance ( SPR ) spectroscopy or ellipsometry.
17.
As shown in the seventh image on this page, an optical thickness of less than 0.1 ( palest yellow ) indicates a crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 1 ( reddish brown ) indicates very hazy conditions.
18.
NOVELTIS is in charge of the industrialization and the distribution of the LMD 4A radiative transfer model . 4A allows fast and accurate computation of transmittance and radiance, owing to the use of a comprehensive database ( atlases ) of monochromatic optical thicknesses for up to 43 atmospheric molecular species.
19.
The binding between a ligand immobilized on the biosensor tip surface and an analyte in solution produces an increase in optical thickness at the biosensor tip, which results in a wavelength shift, ?? ( Figure 3 ), which is a direct measure of the change in thickness of the biological layer.
20.
With this design ( marketed by E . Leitz ) 60 mm beam separation was achieved in microscopy but here the new difficulty has arisen of balancing optical thicknesses of two separate microscope slide preparations ( sample and dummy ) and maintaining this critical balance during longer observations ( e . g . time-lapse studies of living cells maintained at 37 �C ), otherwise a gradual change in background interference colour occurs over time.
