The virus causes a haemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in pigs, but persistently infects its natural hosts, warthogs, bushpigs, and soft ticks of the " Ornithodoros " genus, with no disease signs.
12.
Additionally, nairoviruses vectored by ticks of the genera " Argas ", " Carios " and " Ornithodoros " form three separate monophyletic lineages, again supporting the suggestion of host-virus cospeciation.
13.
Some strains of entomopathogenic fungi have been found to be effective against this tick and others in the genus " Ornithodoros " in a study which concluded the fungi could be used as biocontrol agents for argasid ticks; the name of this is called hyperparasitism.
14.
""'Bartonella senegalensis " "'is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, Catalase-and oxidase-negative non-spore-forming, non-motile bacteria from the genus of " Bartonella " which was isolated from the tick Ornithodoros sonrai in Senegal in Africa.
15.
The tick vector " Ornithodoros turicata " transmits " B . turicatae ", which causes relapsing fever, an arthropod-borne infection of humans and other mammals caused by different " Borrelia " species . " B . turicatae " is long and spiral-shaped, as is typical for all spirochaetes.
16.
"Ornithodoros " spp are found worldwide in semi-arid regions, living in burrows, caves, dens, cliffsides, and bird colonies . " O . savignyi " and " O . coriaceus " are exceptional in having eyes . " O . coriaceus " occurs under hillside scrub oak from northern California and Nevada to Mexico, in deer beds under trees and in the lee of large rocks . " O . gurneyi " favours tree-shaded sand in the deserts of Australia, resting places of kangaroos and people . " O . porcinus " is found on warthogs, bushpigs and other pig species and occurs throughout Africa in suitable habitats-it plays a role in transmitting the virus causing African swine fever which in 2013 was found 35 km north of Pretoria.
