Paneth cells are stimulated to secrete defensins when exposed to bacteria ( both negative types ) or such bacterial products as lipopolysaccharide, muramyl dipeptide and lipid A.
12.
Intestinal paneth cells produce REG3G ( or REG3 gamma ) via stimulation of toll-like receptors ( TLRs ) by pathogen-associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs ).
13.
Alpha-defensins, which have been identified in humans, monkeys and several rodent species, are particularly abundant in neutrophils, certain macrophage populations and Paneth cells of the small intestine.
14.
He described several counter-intuitive characteristics for crypt stem cells : Lgr5 stem cells are abundant, they cycle rapidly, they divide symmetrically, and utilize their Paneth cell-daughters as their niche.
15.
Protection of these stem cells is essential for long-term maintenance of the intestinal epithelium, and the location of Paneth cells adjacent to stem cells suggests that they play a critical role in defending epithelial cell renewal.
16.
When they determined its structure, it turned out to resemble other beta defensins that other scientists have found in the respiratory passageway of cows, the white blood cells that help fight infection, and in the Paneth cells in the lining of the human small intestine.
17.
Using genetic deletion in mice, Atoh1 has been shown to be essential for formation of cerebellar granule neurons, inner ear hair cells, spinal cord interneurons, Merkel cells of the skin, and intestinal secretory cells ( goblet, enteroendocrine, and Paneth cells ).
18.
In accordance with the stem cell zone model proposing that, during their upward migration, CBC stem cells would only gradually lose their self-renewal capacity, it was shown in vivo that transient amplifying cells can revert to Lgr5 + CBC stem cells after damage, presumably by direct contact with Paneth cells.
19.
The ephrin protein family of class A and class B guides ligands with the EphB family cell-surface receptors to provide a steady, ordered, and specific migration of the intestinal epithelial cells from the lumen, mature Paneth cells move in the opposite direction, to the bottom of the crypt, where they reside.
20.
The same image appears in the Encyclopaedia Britannica website under Paneth cells http : / / www . britannica . com / EBchecked / topic / 441200 / Paneths-cell # tab = active ~ checked % 2Citems ~ checked & title = Paneth % E2 % 80 % 99s % 20cell % 20-- % 20Britannica % 20Online % 20Encyclopedia, yet the image data here suggests it is the creator's own photo.
