The word paramagnet now merely refers to the linear response of the system to an applied field, the temperature dependence of which requires an amended version of Curie's law, known as the Curie Weiss law:
12.
In general, paramagnetic effects are quite small : the magnetic susceptibility is of the order of 10 " 3 to 10 " 5 for most paramagnets, but may be as high as 10 " 1 for synthetic paramagnets such as ferrofluids.
13.
In general, paramagnetic effects are quite small : the magnetic susceptibility is of the order of 10 " 3 to 10 " 5 for most paramagnets, but may be as high as 10 " 1 for synthetic paramagnets such as ferrofluids.
14.
G-tensor axes and derivation of theta . The traditional convention of magnetic resonance envisions the paramagnets aligning with the external magnetic field; however, in practice it is simpler to treat the paramagnets as fixed and the external magnetic field as a vector.
15.
G-tensor axes and derivation of theta . The traditional convention of magnetic resonance envisions the paramagnets aligning with the external magnetic field; however, in practice it is simpler to treat the paramagnets as fixed and the external magnetic field as a vector.
16.
This type of behavior is of an itinerant nature and better called Pauli-paramagnetism, but it is not unusual to see, for example, the metal aluminium called a " paramagnet ", even though interactions are strong enough to give this element very good electrical conductivity.
17.
Obviously, the paramagnetic Curie Weiss description above T N or T C is a rather different interpretation of the word " paramagnet " as it does " not " imply the " absence " of interactions, but rather that the magnetic structure is random in the absence of an external field at these sufficiently high temperatures.
18.
Unlike ferromagnets, paramagnets do not retain any magnetization in the absence of an externally applied magnetic field because thermal motion randomizes the spin orientations . ( Some paramagnetic materials retain spin disorder even at absolute zero, meaning they are paramagnetic in the ground state, i . e . in the absence of thermal motion . ) Thus the total magnetization drops to zero when the applied field is removed.
19.
If the system has a limited number of states ( for example a two-state paramagnet in which the spins can only be up or down ), the temperature is still unlimited in the positive direction, but in addition there can be population inversion which results in negative temperature ( which is treated as higher than all positive temperatures, because 1 / T is actually the more fundamental quantity ).
