The maximum energy that a cyclic accelerator can impart is typically limited by the maximum strength of the magnetic fields and the minimum radius ( maximum curvature ) of the particle path.
12.
Unlike in a cyclotron, synchrotrons are unable to accelerate particles from zero kinetic energy; one of the obvious reasons for this is that its closed particle path would be cut by a device that emits particles.
13.
In reality, for finite values of the wave amplitude ( height ), the particle paths do not form closed orbits; rather, after the passage of each crest, particles are displaced slightly from their previous positions, a phenomenon known as Stokes drift.
14.
Microscopic energy deposition from highly ionizing particles consists of a core radiation track due to direct ionization's by the particle and low energy electrons produced in ionization, and a penumbra of higher energy electrons that may extend 100's of microns from the particles path in tissue.
15.
Between the straws, materials with widely varying relativistic particles ( those with a speed very near the speed of light ), and because particles of a particular energy have a higher speed the lighter they are, particle paths with many very strong signals can be identified as belonging to the lightest charged particles : electrons and their antiparticles, positrons.
