Recent studies have broadened the list of known intermediate hosts to include birds . " N . caninum " has recently been found to infect domestic chickens and house sparrows ( " Passer domesticus " ) which may become infected after ingesting parasite oocysts from the soil.
12.
The names " passerine " and " Passeriformes " are derived from " Passer domesticus ", the scientific name of the eponymous species ( the house sparrow ) and ultimately from the Latin term " passer " for " Passer " sparrows and similar small birds.
13.
House sparrows ( " Passer domesticus " ) have been observed to line their nests with materials from the neem tree ( " Azadirachta indica " ) but change to quinine-rich leaves of the Krishnachua tree ( " Caesalpinia pulcherrima " ) during an outbreak of malaria; quinine controls the symptoms of malaria.
14.
For example, in the first few days after hatching, nestling house sparrows ( " Passer domesticus " ) transition from an insect diet, high in protein and lipids, to a seed based diet that contains mostly carbohydrates; this diet change is accompanied by two-fold increase in the activity of the enzyme maltase, which digests carbohydrates.
15.
In European countries, an opening of 2.5 cm in diameter will attract " Poecile palustris ", " Poecile montanus "; an opening of 2.8 cm in diameter will attract " Ficedula hypoleuca ", and an opening of 3 cm in diameter will attract " Parus major ", " Passer montanus ", an opening of 3 cm in diameter will attract " Passer domesticus ".
16.
Reports include those of two noisy miners repeatedly pecking a house sparrow ( " Passer domesticus " ) at the base of its skull and killing it in six minutes; one noisy miner grasping a striated pardalote ( " Pardalotus striatus " ) by the wing while another pecked it on the head until it died; and a sacred kingfisher ( " Todiramphus sanctus " ) being chased and harassed for over five hours and then found dead with a fractured skull.
17.
Among wintering species are : Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis L ., Eurasian sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus L ., Eurasian black grouse Lyrurus tetrix L ., western capercaillie Tetrao urogallus L ., hazel grouse Tetrastes bonasia L ., grey partridge Perdix perdix L ., long-eared owl Asio otus L ., Tengmalm s owl Aegolus funereus L ., little owl Athene noctua Scop ., Eurasian pygmy owl Glaucidium passerinum L ., tawny owl Strix aluco L ., European green woodpecker Picus viridis L ., grey-headed woodpecker Picus canus Gm ., black woodpecker Dryocopus martius L ., great spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos major L ., white-backed woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos Bechst ., middle spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos medius L ., lesser spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos minor L ., Eurasian jay Garrulus glandarius ( L . ), Eurasian magpie Pica pica ( L . ), hooded crow Corvus cornix L ., common raven Corvus corax L ., Bohemian waxwing Bombicilla garrulous ( L . ), goldcrest Regulus regulus ( L . ), fieldfare Turdus pilaris L ., long-tailed tit Aegithalos caudatus ( L . ), willow tit Parus montanus Bald ., crested tit Parus cristatus L ., coal tit Parus ater L ., blue tit Parus caeruleus L ., great tit Parus major L ., Eurasian nuthatch Sitta europea L ., common treecreeper Certhia familiaris L ., house sparrow Passer domesticus ( L . ), Eurasian tree sparrow ( Passer montanus L . ), Eurasian siskin Spinus spinus ( L . ), European goldfinch Carduelis carduelis ( L . ), common redpoll Acanthis flammea ( L . ), red crossbill Loxia curvirosrta L ., Eurasian bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula ( L . ), yellowhammer Emberiza citinella L.
