The analysis of the different modes of economic production is followed by a description of the role of crop raising, pastoral nomadism, industrial activities, and the history of urbanisation for the main regions of the Indian Ocean.
12.
Khazanov categorizes nomadic forms of pastoralism into five groups as follows : " pure pastoral nomadism ", " semi-nomadic pastoralism ", " semi-sedentary pastoralism ", " distant-pastures husbandry " and " seasonal transhumance ".
13.
Their farming way of life was very different from the pastoral nomadism of the Mongols and Khitans on the steppes . " At the most ", the Jurchen could only be described as " semi-nomadic " while the majority of them were sedentary.
14.
Their farming way of life was very different from the pastoral nomadism of the Mongols and the Khitan on the steppes . " At the most ", the Jurchen could only be described as " semi-nomadic " while the majority of them were sedentary.
15.
The growing use of the horse, combined with the failure, roughly around 2000 BC, of the always precarious irrigation systems that had allowed for extensive agriculture in the region, gave rise and dominance of pastoral nomadism by 1000 BC, a way of life that would dominate the region for the next several millennia.
16.
The wheeled vehicles found in the burials of the Afanasevans have been dated to before 2200 BC . Pastoral nomadism and metalworking became more developed with the later Okunev culture ( 2nd millennium BC ), Andronovo culture ( 2300 1000 BC ) and Karasuk culture ( 1500 300 BC ), culminating with the Iron Age Xiongnu Empire in 209 BC . Monuments of the pre-Xiongnu Bronze Age include deer stones, keregsur kurgans, square slab tombs, and rock paintings.
17.
Pastoral nomadic sites are identified based on their location outside the zone of agriculture, the absence of grains or grain-processing equipment, limited and characteristic architecture, a predominance of sheep and goat bones, and by ethnographic analogy to modern pastoral nomadic peoples Juris Zahrins has proposed that pastoral nomadism began as a cultural lifestyle in the wake of the 6200 BC climatic crisis when Harifian pottery making hunter-gatherers in the Sinai fused with Pre-Pottery Neolithic B agriculturalists to produce the Munhata culture, a nomadic lifestyle based on animal domestication, developing into the Yarmoukian and thence into a circum-Arabian nomadic pastoral complex, and spreading Proto-Semitic languages.
