Although patulin has not been shown to be carcinogenic, it has been reported to damage the immune system in animals.
12.
Studies have also shown that a longer period of heat treatment can reduce the levels of patulin present in the product.
13.
Levels of nitrogen, manganese, and pH as well as abundance of necessary enzymes regulate the biosynthetic pathway of patulin.
14.
Some species produce toxic secondary metabolites, collectively termed mycotoxins including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, citrinin, and patulin.
15.
But he said the soybean meal was tested in Odessa, a Black Sea port in Ukraine, and showed no signs of patulin.
16.
Recently, an earlier MRC trial on the antibiotic patulin on the course of common colds has been suggested to have been the first randomized trial.
17.
"' Patulin "'is a toxin produced by the " fermentation process and so is not found in apple beverages, such as cider.
18.
Patulin was originally used as an antibiotic against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but after several toxicity reports, it is no longer used for that purpose.
19.
Wounds were treated in Europe with moulds, using for example a slice of mouldy bread or mouldy wheat straw, with active ingredients patulin and other penicillin-like compounds.
20.
Isoepoxydon dehydrogenase ( IDH ) is an important enzyme in the multi-step biosynthesis of patulin, and its gene is present in other fungi that may potentially produce the toxin.
